Automatic Deep View Card Stacking

ABSTRACT

A method includes receiving cards at data processing hardware. Each card represents a collection of application access mechanisms, each application access mechanism having reference to a corresponding application executable on the data processing hardware and indicating a performable operation for the corresponding application. The collection of application access mechanisms has one or more similar application access mechanism attributes. The method also includes displaying a graphical user interface on a display in communication with the data processing hardware, the graphical user interface including card user selectable links. Each card user selectable link is associated with a card and a card access mechanism having a reference to the collection of application access mechanisms represented by the card. The method further includes receiving a user input through the graphical user interface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/858,801, filed on Sep. 18, 2015. The entire disclosure ofthe application referenced above is incorporated by reference.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to a system for automatically grouping andstacking deep view cards.

BACKGROUND

In recent years, use of computers, smartphones, and otherInternet-connected devices has grown exponentially. Correspondingly, thenumber of available software applications for such devices has alsogrown. Today, many diverse native and web software applications can beaccessed on any number of different devices, including, but not limitedto, smartphones, personal computers, automobiles, and televisions. Thesediverse applications can range from business driven applications, games,educational applications, news applications, shopping applications,messaging applications, media streaming applications, social networkingapplications, and so much more. Furthermore, application developersdevelop vast amounts of applications within each genre and eachapplication may have numerous editions.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the disclosure provides a method for recommendingapplications. The method includes receiving cards at data processinghardware. Each card represents a collection of application accessmechanisms (e.g., search results). Each application access mechanism hasa reference to a corresponding application executable on the dataprocessing hardware and indicating a performable operation for thecorresponding application. The collection of application accessmechanisms has one or more similar application access mechanismattributes. The method also includes displaying a graphical userinterface on a display in communication with the data processinghardware. The graphical user interface includes card user selectablelinks. Each card user selectable link is associated with a card and acard access mechanism having a reference to the collection ofapplication access mechanisms represented by the card. The methodfurther includes receiving a user input through the graphical userinterface. When the user input commands a first-level grouping operationfor grouping one or more cards, the method includes grouping, by thedata processing hardware, the cards into one or more first-level stacksand displaying on the graphical user interface, the one or morefirst-level stacks. Each first-level stack includes one or more cardshaving one or more similar card attributes. The method further includesdisplaying, when the user input commands a selection of one of the carduser selectable links, displaying, on the graphical user interface,application user selectable links. Each application user selectable linkis associated with an application access mechanism of the collection ofapplication assess mechanisms associated with the selected card.

Implementations of the disclosure may include one or more of thefollowing optional features. In some implementations, the methodincludes receiving, at the data processing hardware, a search querythrough the graphical user interface and determining, by the dataprocessing hardware, one or more result sets based on the search query.Each result set includes a collection of application access mechanisms.

The user input may include at least one of a voice command, a touchgesture, or a click selection. The touch gesture may include receivingone or more user touch interactions with the graphical user interface.The touch gesture may include at least one of a pinching gestureindicative of two finger swipes moving towards each other atsubstantially the same time, a swiping gesture indicative of one or moresubstantially simultaneous finger swipes in a common direction, or araised pinching gesture indicative of two finger swipes moving towardseach other followed by a release of the finger swipes from the displaywhen the two finger swipes substantially converge at a common point.

In some examples, after displaying the one or more first-level stacks,the method includes receiving a subsequent user input through the userinterface. The subsequent user input may command a second-level groupingoperation for grouping one or more first-level stacks. The method mayfurther include grouping, by the data processing hardware, thefirst-level stacks into one or more second-level stacks. Eachsecond-level stack includes one or more first-level stack having one ormore similar first-level stack attributes. The method may furtherinclude displaying, on the graphical user interface, the one or moresecond-level stacks.

When the user input commands a zooming operation and when the graphicaluser interface displays one or more cards, the method may includedetermining, by the data processing hardware, a first number ofdisplayed cards and displaying, on the graphical user interface, asecond number of cards not equal to the first number of cards. When thegraphical user interface displays the one or more first-level stacks,the method may include determining, by the data processing hardware, afirst number of displayed first-level stacks and displaying, on thegraphical user interface, a second number of first-level stacks notequal to the first number of first-level stacks.

The method may further include receiving, at the data processinghardware, a selection of an application user selectable link andexecuting, by the data processing hardware, an application referenced bythe application user selectable link. The application access mechanismattributes and the card attributes may include at least one of anapplication identifier, an application state action, an applicationcategory, an entity name, an entity location, or a type including web,image, video, and/or news. Each corresponding application may be storedon memory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides a second method forrecommending applications. The method includes receiving cards at dataprocessing hardware. Each card represents a collection of applicationaccess mechanisms (e.g., search results). Each application accessmechanism has a reference to a corresponding application executable onthe data processing hardware and indicates a performable operation forthe corresponding application. The collection of application accessmechanisms has one or more similar application access mechanismattributes. The method further includes grouping, by the data processinghardware, the cards into one or more first-level stacks. Eachfirst-level stack includes one or more cards having one or more similarcard attributes. The method also includes displaying a graphical userinterface on a display in communication with the data processinghardware. The graphical user interface includes the one or morefirst-level stacks. The method further includes receiving a user inputthrough the graphical user interface. When the user input commands afirst-level ungrouping operation for the one or more first-level stacks,the method includes ungrouping, by the data processing hardware, thefirst-level stacks into the one or more cards associated with theselected first-level stack, and displaying, on the graphical userinterface, the one or more cards associated with the selectedfirst-level stack. When the user input commands a second-level groupingoperation for the one or more first-level stacks, the method includesgrouping, by the data processing hardware, the first-level stacks intoone or more second-level stacks and displaying, on the graphical userinterface, the one or more second-level stacks. Each second-level stackincludes one or more first-level stacks having one or more similarfirst-level stack attributes.

This aspect may include one or more of the following optional features.In some examples, the method includes after displaying the one or morecards associated with the selected first-level stack, receiving asubsequent user input through the graphical user interface. Thesubsequent user input commands a selection of card user selectable linksassociated with a card and a card access mechanism having a reference tothe collection of application access mechanisms represented by the card.The method may further include displaying, on the graphical userinterface, application user selectable links. Each application userselectable link may be associated with an application access mechanismof the collection of application assess mechanisms associated with theselected card.

In some implementations, the method includes receiving, at the dataprocessing hardware, a selection of an application user selectable linkand executing, by the data processing hardware, an applicationreferenced by the application user selectable link. The method may alsoinclude receiving, at the data processing hardware, a search querythrough the graphical user interface and determining, by the dataprocessing hardware, one or more result sets based on the search query.Each result set includes a collection of application access mechanisms.

The user input includes at least one of a voice command, a touchgesture, or a click selection. The touch gesture may include receivingone or more user interactions with the graphical user interface. Thetouch gesture may include at least one of a pinching gesture indicativeof two finger swipes moving towards each other at substantially the sametime, a swiping gesture indicative of one or more substantiallysimultaneous finger swipes in a common direction, or a raised pinchinggesture indicative of two finger swipes moving towards each otherfollowed by a release of the finger swipes from the display when the twofinger swipes substantially converge at a common point.

When the graphical user interface displays one or more cards, the methodmay include determining, by the data processing hardware, a first numberof displayed cards, and displaying, on the graphical user interface, asecond number of cards not equaling the first number of cards. When thegraphical user interface displays the one or more first-level stacks,the method may include determining, by the data processing hardware, afirst number of displayed first-level stacks, and displaying, on thegraphical user interface, a second number of first-level stacks notequaling the first number of first-level stacks. When the graphical userinterface displays the one or more second-level stacks, the methodincludes determining, by the data processing hardware, a first number ofdisplayed second-level stacks, and displaying, on the graphical userinterface, a second number of second-level stacks not equaling the firstnumber of second-level stacks.

In some examples, the application access mechanism attributes, the cardattributes, and the first-level stack attributes include at least one ofan application identifier, an application state action, an applicationcategory, an entity name, an entity location, or type including web,image, video, or news. Each corresponding application may be stored onmemory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware.

Yet another aspect of the disclosure provides a user device forrecommending applications. The user device includes a display, a dataprocessing hardware in communication with the display, and memoryhardware in communication with the data processing hardware. The memoryhardware stores instructions that when executed on the data processinghardware cause the data processing hardware to perform operations. Theoperations include receiving cards, each card representing a collectionof application access mechanisms (e.g., search results). Eachapplication access mechanism has a reference to a correspondingapplication executable on the data processing hardware and indicates aperformable operation for the corresponding application. The collectionof application access mechanisms has one or more similar applicationaccess mechanism attributes. The operations further include displaying agraphical user interface on the display. The graphical user interfaceincludes card user selectable links, and each card user selectable linkis associated with a card and a card access mechanism having a referenceto the collection of application access mechanisms represented by thecard. The operations further include receiving a user input through thegraphical user interface. When the user input commands a first-levelgrouping operation for grouping one or more cards, the operationsinclude grouping, by the data processing hardware, the cards into one ormore first-level stacks and displaying, on the graphical user interface,the one or more first-level stacks. Each first-level stack includes oneor more cards having one or more similar card attributes. When the userinput commands a selection of one of the card user selectable links, theoperations include displaying, on the graphical user interface,application user selectable links. Each application user selectable linkis associated with an application access mechanism of the collection ofapplication assess mechanisms associated with the selected card.

This aspect may include one or more of the following optional features.In some examples, the operations further include receiving a searchquery through the graphical user interface and determining one or moreresult sets based on the search query. Each result set includes acollection of application access mechanisms.

The user input may include at least one of a voice command, a touchgesture, or a click selection. The touch gesture may include receivingone or more user touch interactions with the graphical user interface.In some examples, the touch gesture includes at least one of a pinchinggesture indicative of two finger swipes moving towards each other atsubstantially the same time, a swiping gesture indicative of one or moresubstantially simultaneous finger swipes in a common direction, or araised pinching gesture indicative of two finger swipes moving towardseach other followed by a release of the finger swipes from the displaywhen the two finger swipes substantially converge at a common point.

In some implementations, the operations further include, afterdisplaying the one or more first-level stacks, receiving a subsequentuser input through the user interface. The subsequent user inputcommands a second-level grouping operation for grouping one or morefirst-level stacks. The operations may further include grouping thefirst-level stacks into one or more second-level stacks and displaying,on the graphical user interface, the one or more second-level stacks.Each second-level stack includes one or more first-level stack havingone or more similar first-level stack attributes. When the user inputcommands a zooming operation, the operations may further include, whenthe graphical user interface displays one or more cards, determining afirst number of displayed cards, and displaying, on the graphical userinterface, a second number of cards not equal to the first number ofcards. When the graphical user interface displays the one or morefirst-level stacks, the operations may further include determining afirst number of displayed first-level stacks, and displaying, on thegraphical user interface, a second number of first-level stacks notequal to the first number of first-level stacks. The operations mayfurther include receiving a selection of an application user selectablelink, and executing an application referenced by the application userselectable link.

The application access mechanism attributes and the card attributes mayinclude at least one of an application identifier, an application stateaction, an application category, an entity name, an entity location, ora type including web, image, video, and/or news. Each correspondingapplication may be stored on memory hardware in communication with thedata processing hardware.

Yet another aspect of the disclosure provides a user device forrecommending applications. The user device includes a display, dataprocessing hardware in communication with the display, and memoryhardware in communication with the data processing hardware. The memoryhardware stores instructions that when executed on the data processinghardware cause the data processing hardware to perform operations. Theoperations include receiving cards at the data processing hardware. Eachcard represents a collection of application access mechanisms. Eachapplication access mechanism has a reference to a correspondingapplication executable on the data processing hardware and indicates aperformable operation for the corresponding application. The collectionof application access mechanisms has one or more similar applicationaccess mechanism attributes. The operations further include grouping, bythe data processing hardware, the cards into one or more first-levelstacks and displaying a graphical user interface on the display. Thegraphical user interface includes the one or more first-level stacks.Each first-level stack includes one or more cards having one or moresimilar card attributes. The operations further include receiving a userinput through the graphical user interface. When the user input commandsa first-level ungrouping operation for the one or more first-levelstacks, the operations include ungrouping, by the data processinghardware, the first-level stacks into the one or more cards associatedwith the selected first-level stack and displaying, on the graphicaluser interface, the one or more cards associated with the selectedfirst-level stack. When the user input commands a second-level groupingoperation for the one or more first-level stacks, the operations includegrouping, by the data processing hardware, the first-level stacks intoone or more second-level stacks and displaying, on the graphical userinterface, the one or more second-level stacks. Each second-level stackincludes one or more first-level stacks having one or more similarfirst-level stack attributes.

This aspect may include one or more of the following optional features.The operations may further include, after displaying the one or morecards associated with the selected first-level stack, receiving asubsequent user input through the graphical user interface that commandsa selection of card user selectable link associated with a card and acard access mechanism having a reference to the collection ofapplication access mechanisms represented by the card. The operationsmay further include displaying, on the graphical user interface,application user selectable links. Each application user selectable linkmay be associated with an application access mechanism of the collectionof application assess mechanisms associated with the selected card.

In some examples, the operations further include receiving a selectionof an application user selectable link, and executing an applicationreferenced by the application user selectable link. The operations mayfurther include receiving a search query through the graphical userinterface, and determining, by the data processing hardware, one or moreresult sets based on the search query, each result set including acollection of application access mechanisms.

The user input may include at least one of a voice command, a touchgesture, or a click selection. The touch gesture may include receivingone or more user interactions with the graphical user interface. Thetouch gesture may further include at least one of a pinching gestureindicative of two finger swipes moving towards each other atsubstantially the same time, a swiping gesture indicative of one or moresubstantially simultaneous finger swipes in a common direction, or araised pinching gesture indicative of two finger swipes moving towardseach other followed by a release of the finger swipes from the displaywhen the two finger swipes substantially converge at a common point.

The operations may also include receiving a zooming user gesture. Whenthe graphical user interface displays one or more cards, the operationsmay include determining, by the data processing hardware, a first numberof displayed cards and displaying, on the graphical user interface, asecond number of cards not equaling the first number of cards. When thegraphical user interface displays the one or more first-level stacks,the operations may include determining, by the data processing hardware,a first number of displayed first-level stacks and displaying, on thegraphical user interface, a second number of first-level stacks notequaling the first number of first-level stacks. When the graphical userinterface displays the one or more second-level stacks, the operationsmay include determining, by the data processing hardware, a first numberof displayed second-level stacks and displaying, on the graphical userinterface, a second number of second-level stacks not equaling the firstnumber of second-level stacks.

The application access mechanism attributes, the card attributes, andthe first-level stack attributes may include at least one of: anapplication identifier, an application state action, an applicationcategory, an entity name, an entity location, or type including web,image, video, or news. Each corresponding application may be stored onmemory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware.

The details of one or more implementations of the disclosure are setforth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Otheraspects, features, and advantages will be apparent from the descriptionand drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example environment including a userdevice in communication with a grouping system.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an example system having agrouping system that interacts with the user device and data sources.

FIGS. 3A-3F are schematic views of example user devices displaying cardsand stacked cards.

FIGS. 4A-4D are schematic views of example user devices displaying cardsand stacked cards.

FIGS. 5A-5C are schematic views of example user devices displaying cardstacks.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic views of an example user device displayingstacked cards having a depth.

FIGS. 7A-7C are schematic views of example user devices displaying cardstacks organized by applications.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic views of example application staterecords.

FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic views of example entity records.

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an example user device.

FIG. 11 is an example arrangement of operations for a method of groupingapplications for display on a user display.

FIG. 12 is an example arrangement of operations for a method ofungrouping applications for display on a user display

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an example computing device executing anysystems or methods described herein.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure describes a system and method for managingview-ability of content on a user device. In many instances, a displayarea of a user device is small, so it is desirable to have a system thatallows a user to manage an amount content displayed on the user device.For example, the user may wish to view a high level of content or a lowlevel of content. In the case of deep view cards for applications, thesystem allows the user to view more or less cards by grouping the cardsinto stacks (first-level stacks) and grouping stacks into additionalstacks (second-level stacks), and so on. Each card may represent acollection of similar search results from an application executable onor associated with the user device. The user can group and ungroup cardsinto stacks and stacks into additional stacks through one or moreinteractions (e.g., touch gestures) with a user interface on the userdevice to cause the grouping and ungrouping of cards and stacks. Agrouping system executing on the user device or a remote system incommunication with the user devices manages and implements the groupingand ungrouping of cards and stacks, for example, by identifying whichcards and stacks have similar attributes.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, in some implementations, a system 100includes a user device 200 associated with a user 10 in communicationwith a remote system 110 via a network 120. The remote system 110 may bea distributed system (e.g., cloud environment) having scalable/elasticcomputing resources 112 and/or storage resources 114. The user device200 and/or the remote system 110 may implement a grouping system 400that optionally receives data from one or more data sources 130 or oneor more other user devices 200. In some implementations, the groupingsystem 400 communicates with the one or more user devices 200, and thedata sources(s) via the network 120. The network 120 may include varioustypes of networks, such as a local area network (LAN), wide area network(WAN), and/or the Internet. As shown, in some implementations, thegrouping system 400 is separate from the user device 200; while in otherimplementations, the grouping system 400 executes on the user device200, as will be discussed with reference to FIG. 10.

The data sources 130 may include a variety of different data providers.The data sources 130 may include data from application developers 130 a,such as application developers' websites and data feeds provided bydevelopers. The data sources 130 may include operators of digitaldistribution platforms 130 b configured to distribute nativeapplications 210 a to user devices 200. Example digital distributionplatforms 130 b include, but are not limited to, the GOOGLE PLAY®digital distribution platform by Google, Inc., the APP STORE® digitaldistribution platform by Apple, Inc., and WINDOWS PHONE® Store developedby Microsoft Corporation.

The data sources 130 may also include other websites, such as websitesthat include web logs 130 c (i.e., blogs), application review websites130 d, or other websites including data related to applications 210.Additionally, the data sources 130 may include social networking sites130 e, such as “FACEBOOK®” by Facebook, Inc. (e.g., Facebook posts) and“TWITTER®” by Twitter Inc. (e.g., text from tweets). Data sources 130may also include online databases 130 f that include, but are notlimited to, data related to movies, television programs, music, andrestaurants. Data sources 130 may also include additional types of datasources in addition to the data sources described above. Different datasources 130 may have their own content and update rate.

A software application 210 may refer to computer software that, whenexecuted by a computing device, causes the computing device to perform atask. In some examples, a software application 210 is referred to as an“application”, an “app”, or a “program”. Example software applications210 include, but are not limited to, word processing applications,spreadsheet applications, messaging applications, media streamingapplications, social networking applications, and games.

The user device 200 may be any computing device capable of displaying ona screen 202 by way of a graphical user interface (GUI) 204, one or morecards 220 associated with one or more applications 210 installed on theuser device 200, and one or more stacks 240 (as shown in FIGS. 3B and3C). In addition, the computing device 200 is capable of executing theone or more installed applications 210. User devices 200 include, butare not limited to, mobile computing devices, such as laptops 200 a,tablets 200 b, smart phones 200 c, and wearable computing devices 200 d(e.g., headsets and/or watches). User devices 200 may also include othercomputing devices having other form factors, such as computing devicesincluded in desktop computers 200 e, vehicles, gaming devices,televisions, or other appliances (e.g., networked home automationdevices and home appliances).

The user devices 200 may use a variety of different operating systems216. In examples where a user device 200 is a mobile device, the userdevice 200 may run an operating system including, but not limited to,ANDROID® developed by Google Inc., IOS® developed by Apple Inc., orWINDOWS PHONE® developed by Microsoft Corporation. Accordingly, theoperating system 216 running on the user device 200 may include, but isnot limited to, one of ANDROID®, IOS®, or WINDOWS PHONE®. In an examplewhere a user device 200 is a laptop or desktop computing device, theuser device 200 may run an operating system including, but not limitedto, MICROSOFT WINDOWS® by Microsoft Corporation, MAC OS® by Apple, Inc.,or Linux. User devices 200 may also access the search system 300 or thegrouping system 400 while running operating systems 216 other than thoseoperating systems 216 described above, whether presently available ordeveloped in the future.

Applications 210 may be executed on a variety of different user devices200. In some examples, a native application 210 a is installed on a userdevice 200 prior to a user 10 purchasing the user device 200. In otherexamples, the user 10 may download and install native applications 210 aon the user device 200.

The functionality of an application 210 may be accessed on the computingdevice 200 on which the application 210 is installed. Additionally oralternatively, the functionality of an application 210 may be accessedvia a remote computing device 112. In some examples, all of anapplication's functionality is included on the computing device 112, 200on which the application 210 is installed. These applications 210 mayfunction without communication with other computing devices 112, 200(e.g., via the Internet). In other examples, an application 210installed on a computing device 200 may access information from otherremote computing devices 112 during operation. For example, a weatherapplication installed on a computing device 200 may access the latestweather information via the Internet and display the accessed weatherinformation to the user 10 through the installed weather application. Instill other examples, a web-based application 210 b (also referred toherein as a web application) may be partially executed by the user'scomputing device 200 and partially executed by a remote computing device112. For example, a web application 210 b may be an application 210 thatis executed, at least in part, by a web server and accessed by a webbrowser (e.g., a native application 210 a) of the user's computingdevice 200. Example web applications 210 b may include, but are notlimited to, web-based email, online auctions, and online retail sites.

The user device 200 may have limited display area on the screen 202 todisplay icons or search results 215 after the search system 300 executesa search and retrieves results from a search data store 320. Therefore,it is desirable to organize the search results 215 by grouping them intoone or more cards 220 and/or one or more card stacks 240, where eachcard 220 represents a collection of similar search results 215 from anapplication associated 210 a with the user device 200 and each cardstack 240 is a collection of cards 220. After the search system 300executes a search, the user 10 is provided with (by way of the userdevice displaying 202) search results 215 organized/grouped into one ormore cards 220 or one or more card stacks 240. The grouping system 400organizes/groups the cards 220 and/or card stacks 240 based on one ormore similar parameters associated with each search result 215. Inaddition, the grouping system 400 allows the user 10 to view the searchresults 215 individually, as cards 220, or as card stacks 240 (havingmultiple card stack levels). The user 10 interacts with the GUI 204displayed on the screen 202 to switch views between the search results215, the cards 220, or the multiple level card stacks 240. Based on theinteraction or user input (e.g., user gesture with the screen 202), thegrouping system 400 identifies a command associated with the user inputand executes the command. In response to the command, the groupingsystem 400 groups the search results 215 into cards 220, the cards intocard stacks 240, first-level card stacks 240 into second- level cardstacks 240, or second-level card stacks 240 into third-level card stacks240, and so on. Also in response to the command, the grouping system 400may expand the third-level card stack 240 into a second-level card stack240, a second-level card stack 240 into one or more cards 220, or a card240 into search results 215. Therefore, the grouping system 400determines the command associated with the user input based on a currentdisplay of the GUI 204.

In general, the user device 200 may communicate with the grouping system400 using any software application 210, such as a search application 214and provide grouping/expanding of the search results 215 to the user 10.The grouping system 400 is discussed as executing after the searchsystem 300 executed the search. However, the grouping system 400 mayexecute at any time, and the user 10 is provided with a list of accessmechanisms 212 associated with an application 210 a installed on theuser device 200.

In some examples, the user device 200 executes the search application214 or any other application 210 that interfaces with the groupingsystem 400 (executing on the user device 200 or remotely). The userdevice 200 may communicate with the grouping system 400 using a moregeneral application 210, such as a web-browser application 210 baccessed using a web browser native application 210 a. Although the userdevice 200 may communicate with the grouping system 400 using the searchapplication 214 and/or a web-browser application 210 b, the user device200 may be described hereinafter as using the search application 214 tocommunicate with the grouping system 400. In some implementations, thefunctionality attributed to the grouping system 400 is included as agrouping/expanding component of a larger application 210 that hasadditional functionality. For example, the functionality attributed tothe grouping system 400 may be included as part of a native application210 a or a web application 210 b as a feature that provides grouping ofitems displayed by way of the GUI 204 on the user screen 202.

In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 2, the grouping system 400includes a grouping module 410 in communication with a grouping datastore 420. In some implementations, the search system 300 executes asearch based on a search query 206 received from the user device 200.The search system 300 executes a search, resulting in search results 215(e.g., when the user 10 selects a search button 208). The groupingsystem 400 receives the search results 215 from the search system 300and determines parameters associated with each search result 215. Basedon the determined parameters, the grouping module 410 groups the searchresults 215 into cards 220, first-level stacks 240 a, second-levelstacks 240 b, and so on. In some examples, the grouping data store 420stores grouping rules or attributes 422. The grouping rules 422determine how to group the search results 215 into cards 220, how togroup the cards 220 into first-level stacks 240, how to group thefirst-level stacks 240 into second-level stacks 240 b, and so on.

Referring to FIGS. 2-3D, the grouping module 410 receives the searchresults 215 and analyzes the search results 215 to determine how togroup the search results 215. Referring to the example shown in FIG. 3A,the grouping module 410 receives the search results 215 associated withHOLIDAY INN, the search query 206 and groups the search results 215 intoone or more cards 220. In the example shown, a first Card A₁ 220 a, asecond Card A₂ 220 b, and a third Card A₃ 220 c are displayed on thescreen 202; however, if the user 10 scrolls down the screen 202, morecards 240 d-n (not shown) may be available. As previously described,each card 220 represents a collection of similar search results 215,where each search result 215 is associated with an application installedon the user device 200. The user device 200 may receive a user input,such as but not limited to, a pinching gesture, a raised pinch gesture,a swipe gesture, a voice command, a pressure pinch gesture, a pressureswipe, a pressure touch, or any other method that allows a user 10 tointeract with the GUI 204 to convey an input to the grouping system 400.The grouping module 410 receives the user input 12 and determines, basedon a current state of the display (e.g., card display), the grouping orexpanding to execute. As shown, the screen 202 displays the cards 220;therefore, a user input (e.g., a pinching in gesture) groups the cards240 into first-level stacks 240 a. In some examples, as will bedescribed with respect to FIG. 4C, a pinching out gesture expands thecards 220 to show the search results 215 associated with each card 220.Once the grouping module 410 determines the grouping of the cards 220based on grouping rules 422 stored in the grouping data store 420, theuser device 200 displays the grouped cards 220 as first-level stacks240, 240 a as shown in FIG. 3B. The first first-level stack 240 aa(Stack 1A) groups cards A₁-A_(n), the second first-level stack 240 ab(Stack 2A) groups cards B₁-B_(n), and the third first-level stack 240 a(Stack 3A) groups cards C₁-C_(n). Other first-level stacks 240 a mayalso be available if the user 10 scrolls through the screen 202. CardsA₁-A_(n) are cards 220 having one or more similar parameters that thegrouping module 410 determined to be similar. Thus, Cards A₁-A_(n) arenot cards 220 displayed in any order in FIG. 3A. In some examples, theuser 10 wants to see more cards 220 in each first-level stack 240 a,therefore, the user 10 inputs another user input 12, which triggers thegrouping module 410 to group the first-level stacks 240 a intosecond-level stacks 240 b as shown in FIG. 3C. FIG. 3C shows thesecond-level stacks 240 b. As shown, a first second-level stack 240 ba(Stack 1B) includes the first first-level stack 240 aa (Stack 1A) andthe second first-level stack 240 ab (Stack 2A); which includes the cards220 associated with both stacks 240 aa, 240 ab. A second second-levelstack 240 bb (Stack 2B) includes the third first-level stack 240 ac(Stack 3A). In this case, the groping module 410 did not find anotherone or more first-level stacks 240 a to group it with the thirdfirst-level stack 240 ac (Stack 3A) in the second second-level stack 240bb (Stack 2B). A third second-level stack 240 bc (Stack 3B) includesfirst-level stacks 240 a that were not previously displayed in FIG. 3Bthat are currently grouped in the third second-level stack 240 bc (Stack3B). Other groupings of the second-level stacks 240 b may also beavailable.

With continued reference to FIGS. 3A-3C, in some implementations, theuser 10 enters an opposite action (e.g., a pinching out gesture) to theone described above that transitions the screen 202 from FIG. 3C to FIG.3B to FIG. 3A. Therefore, the user 10 may fluidly change how the cards220 are displayed and grouped or ungrouped based on the interaction ofthe user 10 with the screen 202.

Referring to FIG. 3B, if the user 10 selects the second first-levelstack 240 ab (Stack 2A), the screen 202 may display all the cards 220originally displayed in FIG. 3A, where the cards 220 are organized inorder based on their stack 240, with the screen 202 showing the firstcard 220 included in the second first-level stack 240 ab (i.e., CardB₁). In this case, the user 10 may scroll upwards the screen 202 to viewthe cards 220 of the first first-level stack 240 aa, or down until afterthe last card 220 of the second first-level stack 240 ab (i.e., CardB_(n)) to view the cards 220 of the third (or fourth or fifth or . . . )first-level stack 240 a, 240 ac. In another example, if the user 10selects the second first-level stack 240 ab (Stack 2A), the screen 202may display only display cards 220 associated with the secondfirst-level stack 240 ab (Stack 2A). In this case, if the user 10 wantsto view cards 220 of another first-level stack 240 a, then the user 10needs to input a user gesture 12 to return to the view of FIG. 3B beforeselecting another first-level stack 240 a to view the cards 220associated with it.

Referring to FIG. 3C, if the user 10 selects the first second-levelstack 240 ba (Stack 1B), the screen 202 may display all the cards 220associated with the selected first second-level stack 240 ba (Stack 1B)similar to the cards shown in FIG. 3A. However, in other examples, thescreen 202 displays the first-level stacks 240 a as shown in FIG. 3B.

In some implementations, a user input 12 at the display of FIG. 3B orFIG. 3C may not revert back to the cards 220 as they are displayed inFIG. 3A. In other words, the cards 220 may be rearranged when thegrouping module 410 ungroups expands the first level stacks 240 a and/orthe second-level stacks 240 b to display the cards 220. In addition, insome examples, the first level stack 240 a may only include one card220.

Referring to FIGS. 3D and 3E, in some examples, the user 10 may indicatea category of search within the search query 206. The search categorymay include, but is not limited to, web category, image category,shopping category, video category, news category, application category,maps category. As shown, the user 10 enters “images Paris” as the searchquery 206. The search system 300 executes a search, and sends the searchresults 215 to the grouping system 400, which organizes the searchresults 215 and displays them as cards 220 as shown in FIG. 3D. Inresponse to a user gesture 12, the grouping system 400 may group thecards 220 based on categories. As shown in FIG. 3E, each first-levelstack 240 a is associated with a category, where the first first-levelstack 240 aa is associated with the category images that the user 10searched for. In some examples, the grouping system 400 groups the cards220 based on category, even if the user 10 fails to indicate a categoryin his/her search query 206.

Referring to FIG. 3F, in some implementations, a user 10 may view thecards 220 within a stack 240 (e.g., first, second, third, . . . levelstack 240) by inputting a user gesture 12 (e.g., a swipe). In responseto a first user gesture 12, the screen 202 displays the first card 220(Cards A1) of the stack 240. In response to a second user gesture 12,the screen 202 displays the second card 220 (Cards A2) of the stack 240. . . until all the cards 220 within the stack 240 have been displayed,then the screen 202 displays the first card 220 (Cards A1) of the stack240 once again.

In some examples, the cards 220 included in a stack 240 may be dimmedout and arranged so that an overlay is displayed on the stack 240 sothat a stack title (e.g., Stack 1A, Stack 2A, Stack 3A, Stack 3B . . . )is displayed. Similarly, each card 220 may have a title or a name thatindicates the grouping of the search results that the card 220 provides.

Referring to FIGS. 4A-4D, in some implementations, the search system 400executes a search based on a user query 206 and the grouping system 400groups the search results 215 into cards 220 and subsequentlyfirst-level stacks 240 a, using the screen 202 displays the first-levelstacks 240 a in response to execution of the search. As shown in FIG.4A, the user 10 entered “food” as a search query 206. In response to thesearch query 206, the screen 202 displays the first-level stacks 240 a,e.g., Stack 1, Stack 2, Stack 3. The first first-level stack 240 aa(Stack 1A) may be titled “Fast food” and includes cards 220 associatedwith fast food restaurants. The second first-level stack 240 ab (Stack2A) may be titled “Lebanese Food” and includes cards 220 associated withLebanese restaurants. The third first-level stack 240 ac (Stack 3A) maybe titled “Pizza” and includes cards 220 associated with Pizzarestaurants. The user 10 may select the first first-level stack 240 aa(Stack 1A), which may be titled “Fast food”, for example, by single ordouble tapping the screen 202 over the first first-level stack 240 aa(Stack 1A), by pinching and, among other user gestures 12. In responseto the user input 12, the grouping system 400 expands the selectedfirst-level stack 240 a (Stack 1A) to display the cards 220 associatedwith the selected first-level stack 240 a (Stack 1A). Since thefirst-level stack 240 a (Stack 1A) is associated with fast foodrestaurants, the cards 220 grouped under the first-level stack 240 a(Stack 1A) are also associated with fast food restaurants. For example,each card 220 may be associated with a specific restaurant: Card Al maybe associated with BURGER KING®, Card A2 associated with MCDONALDS®, andCARD A3 associated with TACO BELL®. Since each card 220 represents acollection of similar search results 215 from an application associatedwith the user device 200, a selection of the first card 220 a (Card A1)associated with BURGER KING® may list the search results 215 displayedas user-selectable links 222 relating to BURGER KING®. Referring to FIG.4C, the screen 202 may show a header 252 of the first card 220 a thatincludes the name of the first card (Card A1), under the header 252, thescreen 202 shows the search results 215 associated with the first card(Card A1). In this case, since the first card (Card A1) is BURGER KING®,a first search result 215 displayed as a first link 222 aa may be alocation of the first BURGER KING® associated with a map application, asecond search result 215 displayed as a second link 222 ab may be anarticle relating to BURGER KING®, a third search result 215 displayed asa third user selectable link 222 ac may be associated with a menuapplication that provides the menu of BURGER KING®. As previouslydescribed, each result 215 is associated with a card 220 related to anapplication previously downloaded on the user device 200. In someexamples, the same application 210 a may be included in the searchresults 215 associated with multiple cards 220. For example, a mapapplication, e.g., GOOGLE MAPS®, may be included in the results 215 ofthe first card 220 a to provide direction to BURGER KING®, and may alsobe included in the results 215 associated to the second card 220 b (CardA2) associated with MCDONALDS® to provide direction to MCDONALDS®. Insome implementations, a user selection of a user-selectable link 222 isassociated with a search result 215 executed on an application accessmechanism to access a functionality of the application 210 a, where thefunctionality of the application 210 a is associated with the header 252and/or the search query 206. In some examples, each search link 222 isadjacent an icon 262 representing the search result 215 or the relatedapplication

FIG. 4D is an alternate user display to FIG. 4B. As shown in FIG. 4D,the display is divided into two sections 202 a and 202 b. In otherexamples, the screen 202 may be divided into more than two sections. Asshown, each display section 202 a, 202 b includes cards 220 associatedwith a respective stack 240. The screen 202 of FIG. 4D allows the user10 to view cards 220 associated with a stack 240 that the user 10 didnot select. As shown, the user selection 12 was to view the cards 220associated with the first first-level stack 240 aa (Stack 1A); however,displaying a smaller card 220 allows the user device 200 to display morecards 220.

FIGS. 5A-5C show a zooming out/in behavior that changes the size of thestacks 240 and allows the user 10 to view more stacks 240. The figuresare described with respect to the first-level stacks 240 a, but mayapply to stacks 240 of any level. FIG. 5A shows the screen 202 havingmultiple stacks 240. In response to a user input 12, the grouping system400 zooms out and displays by way of the GUI 204, a number N of stacks240 greater than a number M of stacks 240 displayed in FIG. 5A. Inresponse to another user input 12, the grouping system 400 zooms out anddisplays by way of the GUI 204 a number P of stacks 240 greater than thenumber M of stacks displayed in FIG. 5B. A reverse action may also bepossible. When the user 10 is viewing the stacks 240, as shown in FIG.5C, in response to a user input 12 (e.g., zooming in input), thegrouping system 400 displays by way of the GUI 204 the number N stacks240 as shown in FIG. 5B being less than the number P of stacks 240 asshown in FIG. 5C. In addition, in response to another user input 12(e.g., zooming in input), the grouping system 400 displays by way of theGUI 204 the number M of stacks 240 shown in FIG. 5A that is less thanthe number N of stacks 240 shown in FIG. 5B. Therefore, the user 10 mayview a variable number of stacks 240 within the same level. In addition,(as previously described) the user 10 may further group (or expand) thestacks 240 by grouping more stacks 240 together, i.e., moving betweendifferent stack levels.

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, in some implementations, the screen 202shows via the GUI 204, a thickness 242 of the cards 220 within a stack240. A thickness 242 indicates how many cards 220 may be within a stack240. Referring to FIG. 6A, the thickness 242 of the first stack 240 a isgreater than the thickness 242 of the second stack 240 b or the thirdstack 240 c. FIG. 6B shows a different way of displaying the thickness242. In this case, a border or shadow is displayed behind the stack 240to indicate the thickness 242. A thicker border or shadow 242 indicatesthat the stack 240 includes a greater number of cards 220. In anotherexamples, each stack 240 may have a displayed number (not shown)indicating the number of cards 220 within the stack 240. Other ways ofdisplaying the number or approximate number of cards 220 are alsopossible.

Referring to FIGS. 7A-7B, in some implementations, stacks 240 (first,second, third . . . level stacks) may be shown as displayed in FIG. 7A,and the user 10 may input a user gesture 12 (e.g., pinching out, ortapping) that organizes the stacks 240 based on applications, i.e., allthe stacks 240 are re-grouped based on corresponding applications. FIG.7B shows the stacks 240 of FIG. 7A re-grouped based on a correspondingapplication APP 1-APPN. As shown, each displayed application card 250a-250 n includes the cards 220 associated with the application. Inaddition, each application card 250 shows a thickness 242 representingthe number of search results 215 associated with each application. If auser 10 inputs “late night food” as a search query 206 in FIG. 7A, thegrouping system 400 may generate the results and group them either intostacks 240 (as shown in the FIG.), or into cards 220 (as shown in FIG.3A), upon a user input 12 (e.g., pinching out or double tapping on thescreen 202), the GUI 204 displays the results 215 based on theirgrouping with a corresponding application 210. If the user 10 selects adisplayed application card 250 (e.g., APP 1 250 a), then the GUI 204displays the results 215 associated with the selected application(similar to the display shown in FIG. 4C). Each search result 215 isdisplayed as a link 222 to the corresponding application functionalityor application states where the search system 400 is configured togenerate a list of access mechanism 212 as the search results 215. Insome examples, the first application card 250 a (selected by the user10) is a meal review application; therefore, the GUI 204 displays theapplication in the header 220 a and lists the associated search results215 as user selectable links 222 aa-222 an under the header 220 a, witheach link 222 aa-222 an representing an application access mechanism 212to a restaurant review.

In some examples, the user device 200 generates user selectable links222 based on the received search results 215. Each user selectable link222 displayed to the user 10 may include an access mechanism 212. Theuser 10 may select a user selectable link 222 on the user device 200 byinteracting with the link 222 (e.g., touching or clicking the link). Inresponse to selection of a link 222, the user device 200 may launch acorresponding software application 210 (e.g., a native application 210 aor a web-browser application 210 b referenced by the access mechanism212 and perform one or more operations indicated in the access mechanism212.

Access mechanisms may include at least one of a native applicationaccess mechanism (hereinafter “application access mechanism”), a webaccess mechanism, and an application download mechanism. The user device200 may use the access mechanisms to access functionality ofapplications 210. For example, the user 10 may select a user selectablelink 222 including an access mechanism in order to access functionalityof an application 210 indicated in the user selectable link 222.

An application access mechanism may be a string that includes areference to a native application and indicates one or more operationsfor the user device 200 to perform. If a user 10 selects a userselectable link 222 including an application access mechanism, the userdevice 200 may launch the native application 210 referenced in theapplication access mechanism and perform the one or more operationsindicated in the application access mechanism.

An application access mechanism includes data that the user device 200can use to access functionality provided by a native application 210.For example, an application access mechanism can include data thatcauses the user device 200 to launch a native application 210 andperform a function associated with the native application 210.Performance of a function according to the access mechanism may set thenative application 210 into a specified state. Accordingly, the processof launching a native application 210 and performing a functionaccording to an application access mechanism may be referred to hereinas launching the native application 210 and setting the nativeapplication 210 into a state that is specified by the application accessmechanism. In some examples, an application access mechanism for arestaurant reservation application can include data that causes the userdevice 200 to launch the restaurant reservation application and assistin making a reservation at a restaurant. In such examples, therestaurant reservation application may be set in a state that displaysreservation information to the user 10, such as a reservation time, adescription of the restaurant, and user reviews. In additional examples,an application access mechanism for an internet media player applicationcan include data that causes the user device 200 to launch the internetmedia player application and stream media from the Internet. In suchexamples, the internet media player application may be set in a statethat displays information regarding the media (e.g., music) beingstreamed, such as a song name, an artist, or an album name.

Application access mechanisms may have various different formats andcontent. The format and content of an application access mechanism maydepend on the native application 210 with which the application accessmechanism is associated and the operations that are to be performed bythe native application 210 in response to selection of the applicationaccess mechanism. For example, an application access mechanism for aninternet music player application may differ from an application accessmechanism for a shopping application. An application access mechanismfor an internet music player application may include references tomusical artists, songs, and albums, for example. The application accessmechanism for an internet music player application may also referenceoperations, such as randomizing a list of songs and playing a song oralbum. An application access mechanism for a shopping application mayinclude references to different products that are for sale. Theapplication access mechanism for the shopping application may alsoinclude references to one or more operations, such as adding products toa shopping cart and proceeding to a checkout.

The user 10 may select a link 222 that causes the user device 200 tolaunch the native application 210 a identified in the link 222 andperform one or more operations according to the application accessmechanism 212 a associated with the link 222. Put another way, when theuser 10 selects a link 222, the user device 200 launches a nativeapplication 210 a and sets the native application 210 a into a statedefined by the application access mechanism 212 a associated with thelink 222. In general, a state of a native application 210 a may refer tothe operations and/or the resulting outcome of the native application210 a in response to selection of a link 222. A state of a nativeapplication 210 a may also be referred to herein as an “applicationstate.”

An application state specified by an application access mechanism 212 amay depend on the functionality provided by the native application 210a. For example, if a native application 210 a is configured to retrieveand display information from the Internet, the native application 210 acan be set into a state in which the native application 210 a retrievesinformation from the Internet and displays information to the user 10.In another example, if a native application 210 a is configured to playmedia (e.g., music and/or video) from the Internet, the nativeapplication 210 a can be set into a state in which the nativeapplication 210 a is playing a song or a movie from the Internet. Inanother example, if a native application 210 a is configured to makerestaurant reservations, the native application 210 a can be set into astate in which the native application 210 a displays availablerestaurant reservations to the user 10.

A web access mechanism 212 b may include a resource identifier thatincludes a reference to a web resource (e.g., a page of a webapplication/website). For example, a web access mechanism 212 b mayinclude a uniform resource locator (URL) (i.e., a web address) used withhypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). If a user 10 selects a userselectable link 222 including a web access mechanism 212 b, the userdevice 200 may launch the web browser application 210 b and retrieve theweb resource indicated in the resource identifier. Put another way, if auser 10 selects a user selectable link 222 including a web accessmechanism 212 b, the user device 200 may launch a correspondingweb-browser application 210 b and access a state (e.g., a page) of a webapplication/website. In some examples, web access mechanisms 212 binclude URLs for mobile-optimized sites and/or full sites.

The web access mechanism 212 b included in an application state record800 may be used by a web browser to access a web resource that includessimilar information and/or performs similar functions as would beperformed by a native application 210 a that receives an applicationaccess mechanism 212 a of the application state record 800. For example,the web access mechanism 212 b of an application state record 800 maydirect the web-browser application 210 b of the user device 200 to a webversion of the native application 210 a referenced in the applicationaccess mechanisms 212 a of the application state record 800. Moreover,if the application access mechanisms 212 included in an applicationstate record 800 for a specific Mexican restaurant cause eachapplication edition to retrieve information for the specific Mexicanrestaurant, the web access mechanism 212 b may direct the web-browserapplication 210 b of the user device 200 to a web page entry for thespecific Mexican restaurant.

An application download mechanism 212 c may indicate a location (e.g., adigital distribution platform 130 b) where a native application 210 acan be downloaded in the scenario where the native application 210 a isnot installed on the user device 200. If a user 10 selects a userselectable link 222 including an application download mechanism 212 a,the user device 200 may access a digital distribution platform fromwhich the referenced native application 210 a may be downloaded. Theuser device 200 may access a digital distribution platform 130 b usingat least one of the web-browser application 210 b and one of the nativeapplications 210 a.

As previously described, the grouping system 400 groups the searchresults 215 into cards 220 and/or stacks 240 based on one or moregrouping rules and/or attributes 422. For example, the cards 220 may begrouped based on their associated application (FIGS. 7A-7C), orcategories such as, but not limited to, web category, image category,shopping category, video category, news category, application category,maps category, or type such as, but not limited to, food, movies, orlocation. In some examples, the first level-stack 240 a may be based onone grouping condition 422 and another grouping may be based on adifferent condition 422. The user 10 may create personal stacks 240 bydragging one or more cards 220 on top of another card 220 to form thepersonal stack 240. In additional examples, the user 10 may touch twocards 220 at the same time and pinch them together, resulting ingrouping the cards together in a stack 240. The grouping system 400groups the search results 215 within a card 220 or the cards 220 in astack 240 based on application state records 800 or entity records 900(stored in the grouping data store 420).

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the search data store 320 and/or groupingdata store 420 includes a plurality of different application staterecords 800. Each application state record 800 may include data relatedto a function of an application 210 and/or the state of the application210 resulting from performance of the function. An application staterecord 800 may include an application state identifier (ID) 802,application state information 804, an application identifier (ID) 8066,and one or more access mechanisms 212, 212 a, 212 b, 212 c used toaccess functionality provided by an application 210.

The application state ID 802 may be used to identify the applicationstate record 800 among the other application state records 800 includedin the search data store 320. The application state ID 802 may be astring of alphabetic, numeric, and/or symbolic characters (e.g.,punctuation marks) that uniquely identifies the associated applicationstate record 800. In some examples, the application state ID 802describes a function and/or an application state in human readable form.For example, the application state ID 802 may include the name of theapplication 210 referenced in the access mechanism(s) 212. In a specificexample, an application state ID 802 for an internet music playerapplication may include the name of the internet music playerapplication along with the song name that will be played when theinternet music player application is set into the state defined by theapplication access mechanism included in the application state.Additionally or alternatively, the application state ID 802 may be ahuman readable string that describes a function performed according tothe access mechanism(s) 212 and/or an application state resulting fromperformance of the function according to the access mechanism(s) 212. Insome examples, the application state ID 802 includes a string in theformat of a uniform resource locator (URL) of a web access mechanism 212b for the application state record 800, which may uniquely identify theapplication state record 800. In some examples, the string may includemultiple parameters used to retrieve the corresponding application staterecord 800. In addition, some parameters may be user-generated, whichmeans that the parameters put the application in a new application staterecord 800 that has not been previously executed. Thus, theuser-selectable link 222 may not explicitly correspond to a known endresult inside the application, but simply fits a known link expressionthat the application accepts. For example, the UBER application maydisplay a user selectable link 222 that uses a latitude and longitude asa parameter to determine location.

In a more specific example, if the application state record 800describes a function of the YELP® native application, the applicationstate ID 802 may include the name “Yelp” along with a description of theapplication state described in the application state information 804.For example, the application state ID 802 for an application staterecord 800 that describes the restaurant named “The French Laundry” maybe “Yelp-The French Laundry.” In an example where the application stateID 802 includes a string in the format of a URL, the application stateID 802 may include the following string“http://www.yelp.com/biz/the-french-laundry-yountville-2?ob=1” touniquely identify the application state record 800. In additionalexamples, the application state ID 802 may include a URL using anamespace other than “http://,” such as “func://,” which may indicatethat the URL is being used as an application state ID in an applicationstate. For example, the application state ID 802 may include thefollowing string“func://www.yelp.com/biz/the-french-laundry-yountville-2?ob=1.”

The application state information 804 may include data that describes anapplication state into which an application 210 is set according to theaccess mechanism(s) 212 in the application state record 800.Additionally or alternatively, the application state information 804 mayinclude data that describes the function performed according to theaccess mechanism(s) 212 included in the application state record 800.The application state information 804 may include text, numbers, andsymbols that describe the application state. The types of data includedin the application state information 804 may depend on the type ofinformation associated with the application state and the functionalityspecified by the application access mechanism 212 a. The applicationstate information 804 may include a variety of different types of data,such as structured, semi-structured, and/or unstructured data. Theapplication state information 804 may be automatically and/or manuallygenerated based on documents retrieved from the data sources 130.Moreover, the application state information 804 may be updated so thatup-to-date search results 215 are provided in response to a search query206.

In some examples, the application state information 804 includes datathat may be presented to the user 10 by an application 210 when theapplication 210 is set in the application state defined by the accessmechanism(s) 212. For example, if one of the access mechanism(s) 212 isan application access mechanism 212 a, the application state information804 may include data that describes a state of the native application210 a after the user device 200 has performed the one or more operationsindicated in the application access mechanism 212 a. For example, if theapplication state record 800 is associated with a shopping application,the application state information 804 may include data that describesproducts (e.g., names and prices) that are shown when the shoppingapplication is set to the application state defined by the accessmechanism(s) 212. As another example, if the application state record800 is associated with a music player application, the application stateinformation 804 may include data that describes a song (e.g., name andartist) that is played when the music player application is set to theapplication state defined by the access mechanism(s) 212.

The types of data included in the application state information 804 maydepend on the type of information associated with the application stateand the functionality defined by the access mechanism(s) 212. Forexample, if the application state record 800 is for an application 210that provides reviews of restaurants, the application state information804 may include information (e.g., text and numbers) related to arestaurant, such as a category of the restaurant, reviews of therestaurant, and a menu for the restaurant. In this example, the accessmechanism(s) 212 may cause the application 210 (e.g., a nativeapplication 210 a or a web-browser application 210 b) to launch andretrieve information relating to the restaurant. As another example, ifthe application state record 800 is for an application 210 that playsmusic, the application state information 804 may include informationrelating to a song, such as the name of the song, the artist, lyrics,and listener reviews. In this example, the access mechanism(s) 212 maycause the application 210 to launch and play the song described in theapplication state information 804.

The search system 300 may generate application state information 804included in an application state record 800 in a variety of differentways. In some examples, the search system 300 retrieves data to beincluded in the application state information 804 via partnerships withdatabase owners and developers of native applications 210 a. Forexample, the search system 300 may automatically retrieve the data fromonline databases 130 f that include, but are not limited to, datarelated to movies, television programs, music, and restaurants. In someexamples, a human operator manually generates some data included in theapplication state information 804. The search system 300 may update dataincluded in the application state information 804 over time so that thesearch system 300 provides up-to-date results 215 to the user 10.

The application ID 806 may be used to identify a native application 210a associated with the application state record 800. The application ID806 may be a string of alphabetic, numeric, and/or symbolic characters(e.g., punctuation marks) that uniquely identifies the associated nativeapplication 210 a. In some examples, the application ID 806 the nativeapplication 210 a in human readable form. For example, the applicationID 806 may include the name of the application 210 referenced in theaccess mechanism(s) 212. In some examples, the application ID 806 for arestaurant finder application 210 may include the name of the restaurantfinder application.

An application state record 800 includes an application access mechanism212 that causes an application 210 to launch into a default state mayinclude application state information 804 describing the nativeapplication 210 a, instead of any particular application state. Forexample, the application state information 804 may include the name ofthe developer of the application 210, the publisher of the application210, a category 805 a (e.g., genre) of the application 210, adescription 805 b of the application 210 (e.g., a developer'sdescription), and a price of the application 210. The application stateinformation 804 may also include security or privacy data about theapplication 210, battery usage of the application 210, and bandwidthusage of the application 210. The application state information 804 mayalso include application statistics. Application statistics may refer tonumerical data related to a native application 210 a. For example,application statistics may include, but are not limited to, a number ofdownloads, a download rate (e.g., downloads per month), a number ofratings, and a number of reviews.

FIG. 8B shows an example application state record 800 associated withthe OPENTABLE® application, developed by OpenTable, Inc. The OPENTABLE®application is a restaurant-reservation application that allows users 10to search for restaurants and make restaurant reservations. TheOPENTABLE® application provides information about restaurants includingdescriptions of restaurants and user reviews of the restaurants. Theexample application state record 800 of FIG. 3B describes an applicationstate of the OPENTABLE® application in which the OPENTABLE® applicationaccesses information for THE FRENCH LAUNDRY® restaurant.

The example application state record 800 includes an application stateID 802 of “OPENTABLE-THE FRENCH LAUNDRY,” which may be used as a uniqueidentifier to identify the application state record 800. In otherexamples, the application state ID 802 includes a URL as a uniqueidentifier for the application state record 800. For example, theapplication state ID 802 may include the string“http://www.opentable.com/the-french-laundry” as a unique identifier forthe application state record 800. As described herein, such anapplication state ID 802 may be included in a web access mechanism 212 bof an application state record 800. As another example, the applicationstate ID 802 may have a different namespace than “http://,” such as“func://.” In yet another example, the application state ID 802 could bea string of characters, numbers, and/or symbols that are not in humanreadable form. Each example is optional and may be combined with otherexamples.

The example application state information 804 includes data fields 805,such as a category 805 a of THE FRENCH LAUNDRY® restaurant, adescription 805 b of THE FRENCH LAUNDRY® restaurant, user reviews 805 cof THE FRENCH LAUNDRY® restaurant, and additional data fields 805. Therestaurant category 805 a field may include the text “French cuisine”and “contemporary,” for example. The description field 805 b may includetext that describes THE FRENCH LAUNDRY® restaurant. The user reviewsfield 805 c may include text of user reviews for THE FRENCH LAUNDRY®restaurant. The additional data fields 805 may include additional datafor THE FRENCH LAUNDRY® restaurant that may not specifically fit withinthe other defined fields, such as a menu for the restaurant, prices, andoperating hours for the restaurant.

The application state record 800 includes one or more accessmechanism(s) 212. The access mechanism(s) 212 may include a reference tothe OPENTABLE® application 210. An example application access mechanism212 a for the application state record 800 may include a reference tothe OPENTABLE® native application 210 a along with one or moreoperations to be performed by the user device 200. For example, theapplication access mechanism 212 a may include an application resourceidentifier and/or one or more operations that cause the user device 200to access the entry for THE FRENCH LAUNDRY® restaurant in the OPENTABLE®native application. An example application resource identifier may be

“vnd.opentable.deeplink://opentable.com/restaurant/profile?rid=1180&refid=1.”

In some implementations, an application state record 800 includesmultiple different application access mechanisms 212, 212 a, 212 b, 212c that may include a variety of information. The application accessmechanism 212 may include edition information that indicates theapplication edition with which the application access mechanism 212 iscompatible. For example, the edition information indicates the operatingsystem 216 with which the application access mechanism 212 iscompatible. Moreover, different application access mechanisms 212 may beassociated with different editions of a native application 210 a. Anative application edition (hereinafter “application edition”) refers toa particular implementation or variation of a native application 210 a.For example, an application edition may refer to a version of a nativeapplication 210 a, such as a version 1.0 of a native application 210 aor a version 2.0 of a native application 210 a. In another example, anapplication edition may refer to an implementation of a nativeapplication 210 a for a specific platform, such as a specific operatingsystem 216.

The different application access mechanisms 212 included in anapplication state record 800 may cause the corresponding applicationeditions to launch and perform similar functions. Accordingly, thedifferent application access mechanisms 212 included in an applicationstate record 800 may cause the corresponding application editions to beset into similar application states. For example, if the differentapplication access mechanisms 212 reference different editions of aninformation retrieval application, the different application accessmechanisms 212 may cause the corresponding application editions toretrieve similar information. In another example, if the differentapplication access mechanisms 212 reference different editions of aninternet music player application, the different application accessmechanisms 212 may cause the corresponding application editions to playthe same song.

In some examples, an application state record 800 for a nativeapplication that retrieves restaurant information may include multipledifferent application access mechanisms 212 for multiple differentapplication editions. Assuming the application state record 800 isassociated with a specific Mexican restaurant, the application accessmechanisms 212 for the different application editions may cause eachapplication edition to retrieve information for the same specificMexican restaurant. For example, a first application access mechanism212 may cause a first application edition (e.g., on a first operatingsystem) to retrieve information for the specific Mexican restaurant. Asecond application access mechanism 212 may cause a second applicationedition (e.g., on a second operating system) to retrieve information forthe specific Mexican restaurant. In some examples, the search system 300can determine whether to transmit the application access mechanism 212in the search results 215 based on whether the user device 200 isconfigured to receive the application access mechanism 212.

Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, the search data store 320 and/or groupingdata store 420 includes a plurality of entity records 900. Each entityrecord 900 may include data related to an entity. The entity can be abusiness or place with a geolocation or person or event (e.g.,restaurants, bars, gas stations, supermarkets, movie theaters, doctoroffices, sports team, movie star, celebrity, politician, parks, andlibraries, etc.). An entity record 900 may include an entity identifieror name (ID) 802, entity location data 906 (e.g., geolocation data), anentity category 908 (and optionally one or more sub-categories 908 a-908n), and/or entity information 904.

The entity ID 902 may be used to identify the entity record 900 amongthe other entity records 900 included in the data store 320 and/orgrouping data store 420. The entity ID 902 may be a string ofalphabetic, numeric, and/or symbolic characters (e.g., punctuationmarks) that uniquely identifies the associated entity record 900. Insome examples, the entity ID 902 describes the entity in human readableform. For example, the entity ID 902 may include the name string of theentity or a human readable form identifying the entity. In someexamples, the entity ID 902 includes a unique number that identifies theentity.

In a more specific example, if the entity record 900 describes arestaurant named POTBELLY®, the entity ID 902 for the entity record 900can be “Potbelly.” In an example where the entity ID 902 includes astring in human readable form and/or a URL, the entity ID 902 mayinclude the following string “Potbelly” to uniquely identify the entityrecord 900. Other unique identifiers are possible as well, such as astore number.

The entity information 904 may include any information about the entity,such as text (e.g., description, reviews) and numbers (e.g., number ofreviews). This information may even be redundant to other informationcontained in the entity record 900, but optionally structured fordisplay, for example. The entity information 904 may include a varietyof different types of data, such as structured, semi-structured, and/orunstructured data. Moreover, the entity information 904 may beautomatically and/or manually generated based on documents retrievedfrom the data sources 130.

The entity location data 906 may include data that describes a locationof the entity. This data may include a geolocation (e.g., latitude andlongitude coordinates), a street address, or any information that can beused to identify the location of the entity. In some implementations,the entity location data 906 defines a geo-location associated with theapplication state record 800.

The entity category 908 provides a classification or grouping of theentity. Moreover, the entity category 908 can have one or moresub-categories 908 a to further classify the entity. For example, theentity record 900 could have an entity category 908 of “restaurant” anda sub-category 908 a of a type of cuisine, such as “Sandwich Shop,”“French cuisine,” or “contemporary.” Any number of sub-categories 908a-908 n may be assigned to classify the entity for use during a search.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example user device 200 including data processinghardware 270 in communication with memory hardware 280, a networkinterface device 282, and a user interface device 284 (e.g. screen). Theuser device 200 may include other components as well. The dataprocessing hardware 270 is configured to execute instructions stored onthe memory hardware 280 that when executed on the data processinghardware 270 cause the data processing hardware 270 to performoperations. In some examples, the data processing hardware 270 executesone or more of a native application 210 a, a web browser 210 b, and anoperating system 216, all of which may be embodied as computer readableinstructions. The operating system 216 may act as an interface betweenthe data processing hardware 270 and the applications 210.

In some implementations, the data processing hardware 270 executes asearch application 214. The search application 214 is a set of computerreadable instructions embedded in a native application 210 a, i.e., thesearch application 214. In the example shown, the data processinghardware 270 executes the grouping module 410 and the memory hardware280 includes the grouping data store 420. In other examples, thegrouping data store 420 is located remotely from the user device 200.

The memory hardware 280 may be physical devices used to store programs(e.g., sequences of instructions) or data (e.g., program stateinformation) on a temporary or permanent basis as non-transitory memoryfor use by a computing device. For example, the memory hardware 280 maystore the computer readable instructions that make up the nativeapplications 210 a, the web browser 210 b, the operating system 216, thesearch application 214, and/or the grouping module 410. Thenon-transitory memory may be volatile and/or non-volatile addressablesemiconductor memory. Examples of non-volatile memory include, but arenot limited to, flash memory and read-only memory (ROM)/programmableread-only memory (PROM)/erasable programmable read-only memory(EPROM)/electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)(e.g., typically used for firmware, such as boot programs). Examples ofvolatile memory include, but are not limited to, random access memory(RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory(SRAM), and phase change memory (PCM). The network interface device 282includes one or more devices configured to communicate with the network120.

The network interface 282 can include one or more transceivers forperforming wired or wireless communication. Examples of the networkinterface 282 include, but are not limited to, a transceiver configuredto perform communications using the IEEE 802.11 wireless standard, anEthernet port, a wireless transmitter, and a universal serial bus (USB)port. The user interface 284 includes one or more devices that receiveinput from and/or provide output to a user 10. The user interface 284can include, but is not limited to, a touchscreen, a display, a QWERTYkeyboard, a numeric keypad, a touchpad, a microphone, and/or speakers.

FIG. 11 provides an example arrangement of operations for a method 1100of grouping and ungrouping cards 220 of a user device screen 202. Themethod 1100 is described with respect to the user device 200 and thegrouping system 400 as illustrated in FIGS. 1-9B.

At block 1102, the method 1100 includes receiving cards 220 at dataprocessing hardware. Each card 220 represents a collection ofapplication access mechanisms 212 (e.g., search results), eachapplication access mechanism 212 having reference to a correspondingapplication 210 executable on the data processing hardware andindicating a performable operation for the corresponding application210. The collection of application access mechanisms 212 has one or moresimilar application access mechanism attributes 422. At block 1104, themethod 1100 also includes displaying a graphical user interface 204 on ascreen 202 in communication with the data processing hardware, thegraphical user interface 204 including card user selectable links. Eachcard user selectable link is associated with a card 220 and a cardaccess mechanism having a reference to the collection of applicationaccess mechanisms 212 represented by the card 220. At block 1106, themethod 1100 further includes receiving a user input 12 through thegraphical user interface 204. When the user input 12 commands afirst-level grouping operation for grouping one or more cards 220, atblock 1108 the method 1100 includes grouping, by the data processinghardware, the cards 220 into one or more first-level stacks 240 a, andat block 1110, displaying on the graphical user interface 204, the oneor more first-level stacks 240 a. Each first-level stack 240 a includesone or more cards 220 having one or more similar card attributes. Atblock 1112, the method 1100 further includes displaying, when the userinput 12 commands a selection of one of the card user selectable links,displaying, on the graphical user interface 204, application userselectable links. Each application user selectable link is associatedwith an application access mechanism 212 of the collection ofapplication assess mechanisms 212 associated with the selected card 220.

In some implementations, the method 1100 includes receiving, at the dataprocessing hardware, a search query through the graphical user interface204; and determining, by the data processing hardware, one or moreresult sets based on the search query. Each result set includes acollection of application access mechanisms 212.

The user input 12 may include at least one of a voice command, a touchgesture, or a click selection. The touch gesture may include receivingone or more user touch interactions with the graphical user interface204. The touch gesture may include at least one of a pinching gestureindicative of two finger swipes moving towards each other atsubstantially the same time, a swiping gesture indicative of one or moresubstantially simultaneous finger swipes in a common direction, or araised pinching gesture indicative of two finger swipes moving towardseach other followed by a release of the finger swipes from the displaywhen the two finger swipes substantially converge at a common point.

In some examples, after displaying the one or more first-level stacks240 a, the method 1100 includes receiving a subsequent user input 12through the user interface. The subsequent user input 12 may command asecond-level grouping operation for grouping one or more first-levelstacks 240 a. The method 1100 may further include grouping, by the dataprocessing hardware, the first-level stacks 240 into one or moresecond-level stacks 240 b, each second-level stack 240 b including oneor more first-level stack 240 a having one or more similar first-levelstack attributes. The method 1100 may further include displaying, on thegraphical user interface 204, the one or more second-level stacks 240 b.

When the user input 12 commands a zooming operation and when thegraphical user interface 204 displays one or more cards 220, the method1100 may include determining, by the data processing hardware, a firstnumber of displayed cards 220; and displaying, on the graphical userinterface 204, a second number of cards 220 not equal to the firstnumber of cards 220 When the graphical user interface 204 displays theone or more first-level stacks 240 a, the method 1100 may includedetermining, by the data processing hardware, a first number ofdisplayed first-level stacks 240; and displaying, on the graphical userinterface 204, a second number of first-level stacks 240 not equal tothe first number of first-level stacks 240.

The method 1100 may further include receiving, at the data processinghardware, a selection of an application user selectable link; andexecuting, by the data processing hardware, an application referenced bythe application user selectable link. The application access mechanismattributes and the card attributes may include at least one of anapplication identifier, an application state action, an applicationcategory, an entity name, an entity location, or a type including web,image, video, and/or news. Each corresponding application may be storedon memory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware.

FIG. 12 provides an example arrangement of operations for a method 1200of grouping and ungrouping cards 220 of a user device screen 202. Themethod 1200 is described with respect to the user device 200 and thegrouping system 400 as illustrated in FIGS. 1-9B.

At block 1202, the method 1200 includes receiving cards 220 at dataprocessing hardware. Each card 220 represents a collection ofapplication access mechanisms 212 (e.g., search results), eachapplication access mechanism 212 having reference to a correspondingapplication executable on the data processing hardware and indicating aperformable operation for the corresponding application. The collectionof application access mechanisms 212 has one or more similar applicationaccess mechanism attributes. At block 1204, the method 1200 furtherincludes grouping, by the data processing hardware, the cards 220 intoone or more first-level stacks 240 a. Each first-level stack 240 aincludes one or more cards 220 having one or more similar cardattributes. At block 1206, the method 1200 also includes displaying agraphical user interface 204 on a display in communication with the dataprocessing hardware. The graphical user interface 204 includes the oneor more first-level stacks 240 a. At block 1208, the method 1200 furtherincludes receiving a user input through the graphical user interface204. When the user input commands a first-level ungrouping operation forthe one or more first-level stacks 240 a, at block 1210 the method 1200includes ungrouping, by the data processing hardware, the first-levelstacks 240 into the one or more cards 220 associated with the selectedfirst-level stack 240, and at block 1212, displaying, on the graphicaluser interface 204, the one or more cards 220 associated with theselected first-level stack 240. When the user input 12 commands asecond-level grouping operation for the one or more first-level stacks240 a, at block 1214, the method 1200 includes grouping, by the dataprocessing hardware, the first-level stacks 240 into one or moresecond-level stacks 240 b, each second-level stack 240 b including oneor more first-level stacks 240 a having one or more similar first-levelstack attributes, and at block 1216, displaying, on the graphical userinterface 204, the one or more second-level stacks.

In some examples, the method 1200 includes after displaying the one ormore cards 220 associated with the selected first-level stack 240,receiving a subsequent user input 12 through the graphical userinterface 204. The subsequent user input 12 commands a selection of carduser selectable links associated with a card 220 and a card accessmechanism having a reference to the collection of application accessmechanisms 212 represented by the card 220. The method 1200 may furtherinclude displaying, on the graphical user interface 204, applicationuser selectable links. Each application user selectable link may beassociated with an application access mechanism 212 of the collection ofapplication assess mechanisms 212 associated with the selected card 220.

In some implementations, the method 1200 includes receiving, at the dataprocessing hardware, a selection of an application user selectable link;and executing, by the data processing hardware, an applicationreferenced by the application user selectable link. The method 1200 mayalso include receiving, at the data processing hardware, a search querythrough the graphical user interface 204; and determining, by the dataprocessing hardware, one or more result sets based on the search query,each result set including a collection of application access mechanisms.

The user input includes at least one of a voice command, a touchgesture, or a click selection. The touch gesture may include receivingone or more user interactions with the graphical user interface 204. Thetouch gesture may include at least one of a pinching gesture indicativeof two finger swipes moving towards each other at substantially the sametime, a swiping gesture indicative of one or more substantiallysimultaneous finger swipes in a common direction, or a raised pinchinggesture indicative of two finger swipes moving towards each otherfollowed by a release of the finger swipes from the display 204 when thetwo finger swipes substantially converge at a common point.

When the graphical user interface 204 displays one or more cards 220,the method 1200 may include determining, by the data processinghardware, a first number of displayed cards 220, and displaying, on thegraphical user interface 204, a second number of cards 220 not equalingthe first number of cards 220. When the graphical user interface 204displays the one or more first-level stacks 240 a, the method 1200 mayinclude determining, by the data processing hardware, a first number ofdisplayed first-level stacks 240, and displaying, on the graphical userinterface 204, a second number of first-level stacks 240 not equalingthe first number of first-level stacks 240. When the graphical userinterface 204 displays the one or more second-level stacks 240 b, themethod 1200 includes determining, by the data processing hardware, afirst number of displayed second-level stacks 240 b, and displaying, onthe graphical user interface 204, a second number of second-level stacks240 b not equaling the first number of second-level stacks 240 b.

In some examples, the application access mechanism attributes, the cardattributes, and the first-level stack attributes include at least oneof: an application identifier, an application state action, anapplication category, an entity name, an entity location, or typeincluding web, image, video, or news. Each corresponding application maybe stored on memory hardware in communication with the data processinghardware.

FIG. 13 is schematic view of an example computing device 1300 that maybe used to implement the systems and methods described in this document.The computing device 1300 is intended to represent various forms ofdigital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personaldigital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and otherappropriate computers. The components shown here, their connections andrelationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, andare not meant to limit implementations of the inventions describedand/or claimed in this document.

The computing device 1300 includes a processor 110, 1310, memory 1320, astorage device 120, 1330, a high-speed interface/controller 1340connecting to the memory 1320 and high-speed expansion ports 1350, and alow speed interface/controller 1360 connecting to low speed bus 1370 andstorage device 1330. Each of the components 1310, 1320, 1330, 1340,1350, and 1360, are interconnected using various busses, and may bemounted on a common motherboard or in other manners as appropriate. Theprocessor 1310 can process instructions for execution within thecomputing device 1300, including instructions stored in the memory 1320or on the storage device 1330 to display graphical information for agraphical user interface (GUI) on an external input/output device, suchas screen 202, 1380 coupled to high speed interface 1340. In otherimplementations, multiple processors and/or multiple buses may be used,as appropriate, along with multiple memories and types of memory. Also,multiple computing devices 1300 may be connected, with each deviceproviding portions of the necessary operations (e.g., as a server bank,a group of blade servers, or a multi-processor system).

The memory 1320 stores information non-transitorily within the computingdevice 1300. The memory 1320 may be a computer-readable medium, avolatile memory unit(s), or non-volatile memory unit(s). Thenon-transitory memory 1320 may be physical devices used to storeprograms (e.g., sequences of instructions) or data (e.g., program stateinformation) on a temporary or permanent basis for use by the computingdevice 1300. Examples of non-volatile memory include, but are notlimited to, flash memory and read-only memory (ROM)/programmableread-only memory (PROM)/erasable programmable read-only memory(EPROM)/electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)(e.g., typically used for firmware, such as boot programs). Examples ofvolatile memory include, but are not limited to, random access memory(RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory(SRAM), and phase change memory (PCM).

The storage device 1330 is capable of providing mass storage for thecomputing device 1300. In some implementations, the storage device 1330is a computer-readable medium. In various different implementations, thestorage device 1330 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, anoptical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similarsolid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices ina storage area network or other configurations. In additionalimplementations, a computer program product is tangibly embodied in aninformation carrier. The computer program product contains instructionsthat, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as thosedescribed above. The information carrier is a computer- ormachine-readable medium, such as the memory 1320, the storage device1330, or memory on processor 1310.

The high speed controller 1340 manages bandwidth-intensive operationsfor the computing device 1300, while the low speed controller 1360manages lower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of dutiesis exemplary only. In some implementations, the high-speed controller1340 is coupled to the memory 1320, the display 1380 (e.g., through agraphics processor or accelerator), and to the high-speed expansionports 1350, which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). Insome implementations, the low-speed controller 1360 is coupled to thestorage device 1330 and low-speed expansion port 1370. The low-speedexpansion port 1370, which may include various communication ports(e.g., USB, Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet), may be coupled toone or more input/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device,a scanner, or a networking device, such as a switch or router, e.g.,through a network adapter.

The computing device 1300 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in the figure. For example, it may be implemented as astandard server 1300 a or multiple times in a group of such servers 1300a, as a laptop computer 1300 b, or as part of a rack server system 1300c.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here canbe realized in digital electronic and/or optical circuitry, integratedcircuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integratedcircuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinationsthereof. These various implementations can include implementation in oneor more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on aprogrammable system including at least one programmable processor, whichmay be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data andinstructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storagesystem, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, softwareapplications or code) include machine instructions for a programmableprocessor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/orobject-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machinelanguage. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and“computer-readable medium” refer to any computer program product,non-transitory computer readable medium, apparatus and/or device (e.g.,magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices(PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to aprogrammable processor, including a machine-readable medium thatreceives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term“machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machineinstructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including thestructures disclosed in this specification and their structuralequivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Moreover,subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as oneor more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computerprogram instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for executionby, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Thecomputer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, amachine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition ofmatter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combinationof one or more of them. The terms “data processing apparatus”,“computing device” and “computing processor” encompass all apparatus,devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example aprogrammable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers.The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates anexecution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., codethat constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a databasemanagement system, an operating system, or a combination of one or moreof them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g.,a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal thatis generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiverapparatus.

A computer program (also known as an application, program, software,software application, script, or code) can be written in any form ofprogramming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, andit can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or asa module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in acomputing environment. A computer program does not necessarilycorrespond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in aportion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or morescripts stored in a markup language document), in a single filededicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files(e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portionsof code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on onecomputer or on multiple computers that are located at one site ordistributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communicationnetwork.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded inanother device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver, to name just a few. Computer readable media suitable forstoring computer program instructions and data include all forms ofnon-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way ofexample semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removabledisks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. Theprocessor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in,special purpose logic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, one or more aspects of thedisclosure can be implemented on a computer having a display device,e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube), LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, ortouch screen for displaying information to the user and optionally akeyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by whichthe user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices canbe used to provide interaction with a user as well; for example,feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g.,visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input fromthe user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, ortactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user bysending documents to and receiving documents from a device that is usedby the user; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on auser's client device in response to requests received from the webbrowser.

One or more aspects of the disclosure can be implemented in a computingsystem that includes a backend component, e.g., as a data server, orthat includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, orthat includes a frontend component, e.g., a client computer having agraphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user caninteract with an implementation of the subject matter described in thisspecification, or any combination of one or more such backend,middleware, or frontend components. The components of the system can beinterconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication,e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networksinclude a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), aninter-network (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., adhoc peer-to-peer networks).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In someimplementations, a server transmits data (e.g., an HTML page) to aclient device (e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receivinguser input from a user interacting with the client device). Datagenerated at the client device (e.g., a result of the user interaction)can be received from the client device at the server.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of the disclosure or of what maybe claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific toparticular implementations of the disclosure. Certain features that aredescribed in this specification in the context of separateimplementations can also be implemented in combination in a singleimplementation. Conversely, various features that are described in thecontext of a single implementation can also be implemented in multipleimplementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover,although features may be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multi-tasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the embodiments described above should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should beunderstood that the described program components and systems cangenerally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, otherimplementations are within the scope of the following claims. Forexample, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in adifferent order and still achieve desirable results.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving cards at dataprocessing hardware, each card representing a collection of applicationaccess mechanisms, each application access mechanism having reference toa corresponding application executable on the data processing hardwareand indicating a performable operation for the correspondingapplication, the collection of application access mechanisms having oneor more similar application access mechanism attributes; displaying agraphical user interface on a display in communication with the dataprocessing hardware, the graphical user interface comprising card userselectable links, each card user selectable link associated with a cardand a card access mechanism having a reference to the collection ofapplication access mechanisms represented by the card; and receiving auser input through the graphical user interface: when the user inputcommands a first-level grouping operation for grouping one or morecards: grouping, by the data processing hardware, the cards into one ormore first-level stacks, each first-level stack comprising one or morecards having one or more similar card attributes; and displaying, on thegraphical user interface, the one or more first-level stacks; and whenthe user input commands a selection of one of the card user selectablelinks, displaying, on the graphical user interface, application userselectable links, each application user selectable link associated withan application access mechanism of the collection of application assessmechanisms associated with the selected card.
 2. The method of claim 1,further comprising: receiving, at the data processing hardware, a searchquery through the graphical user interface; and determining, by the dataprocessing hardware, one or more result sets based on the search query,each result set comprising a collection of application accessmechanisms.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the user input comprisesat least one of a voice command, a touch gesture, or a click selection.4. The method of claim 3, wherein the touch gesture comprises receivingone or more user touch interactions with the graphical user interface.5. The method of claim 3, wherein the touch gesture comprises at leastone of: a pinching gesture indicative of two finger swipes movingtowards each other at substantially the same time; a swiping gestureindicative of one or more substantially simultaneous finger swipes in acommon direction; and a raised pinching gesture indicative of two fingerswipes moving towards each other followed by a release of the fingerswipes from the display when the two finger swipes substantiallyconverge at a common point.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising, after displaying the one or more first-level stacks:receiving a subsequent user input through the user interface, thesubsequent user input commanding a second-level grouping operation forgrouping one or more first-level stacks; grouping, by the dataprocessing hardware, the first-level stacks into one or moresecond-level stacks, each second-level stack comprising one or morefirst-level stack having one or more similar first-level stackattributes; and displaying, on the graphical user interface, the one ormore second-level stacks.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein when theuser input commands a zooming operation: when the graphical userinterface displays one or more cards: determining, by the dataprocessing hardware, a first number of displayed cards; and displaying,on the graphical user interface, a second number of cards not equal tothe first number of cards; and when the graphical user interfacedisplays the one or more first-level stacks: determining, by the dataprocessing hardware, a first number of displayed first-level stacks; anddisplaying, on the graphical user interface, a second number offirst-level stacks not equal to the first number of first-level stacks.8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, at the dataprocessing hardware, a selection of an application user selectable link;and executing, by the data processing hardware, an applicationreferenced by the application user selectable link.
 9. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the application access mechanism attributes and thecard attributes comprise at least one of an application identifier, anapplication state action, an application category, an entity name, anentity location, or a type including web, image, video, and/or news. 10.A user device comprising: a display; data processing hardware incommunication with the display; and memory hardware in communicationwith the data processing hardware, the memory hardware storinginstructions that when executed on the data processing hardware causethe data processing hardware to perform operations comprising: receivingcards, each card representing a collection of application accessmechanisms, each application access mechanism having reference to acorresponding application executable on the data processing hardware andindicating a performable operation for the corresponding application,the collection of application access mechanisms having one or moresimilar application access mechanism attributes; displaying a graphicaluser interface on the display, the graphical user interface comprisingcard user selectable links, each card user selectable link associatedwith a card and a card access mechanism having a reference to thecollection of application access mechanisms represented by the card; andreceiving a user input through the graphical user interface: when theuser input commands a first-level grouping operation for grouping one ormore cards: grouping, by the data processing hardware, the cards intoone or more first-level stacks, each first-level stack comprising one ormore cards having one or more similar card attributes; and displaying,on the graphical user interface, the one or more first-level stacks; andwhen the user input commands a selection of one of the card userselectable links, displaying, on the graphical user interface,application user selectable links, each application user selectable linkassociated with an application access mechanism of the collection ofapplication assess mechanisms associated with the selected card.
 11. Theuser device of claim 10, wherein the operations further comprise:receiving a search query through the graphical user interface; anddetermining one or more result sets based on the search query, eachresult set comprising a collection of application access mechanisms. 12.The user device of claim 10, wherein the user input comprises at leastone of a voice command, a touch gesture, or a click selection.
 13. Theuser device of claim 12, wherein the touch gesture comprises receivingone or more user touch interactions with the graphical user interface.14. The user device of claim 12, wherein the touch gesture comprises atleast one of: a pinching gesture indicative of two finger swipes movingtowards each other at substantially the same time; a swiping gestureindicative of one or more substantially simultaneous finger swipes in acommon direction; and a raised pinching gesture indicative of two fingerswipes moving towards each other followed by a release of the fingerswipes from the display when the two finger swipes substantiallyconverge at a common point.
 15. The user device of claim 10, wherein theoperations further comprise, after displaying the one or morefirst-level stacks: receiving a subsequent user input through the userinterface, the subsequent user input commanding a second-level groupingoperation for grouping one or more first-level stacks; grouping thefirst-level stacks into one or more second-level stacks, eachsecond-level stack comprising one or more first-level stack having oneor more similar first-level stack attributes; and displaying, on thegraphical user interface, the one or more second-level stacks.
 16. Theuser device of claim 10, wherein when the user input commands a zoomingoperation, the operations further comprise: when the graphical userinterface displays one or more cards: determining a first number ofdisplayed cards; and displaying, on the graphical user interface, asecond number of cards not equal to the first number of cards; and whenthe graphical user interface displays the one or more first-levelstacks: determining a first number of displayed first-level stacks; anddisplaying, on the graphical user interface, a second number offirst-level stacks not equal to the first number of first-level stacks.17. The user device of claim 10, the operations further comprise:receiving a selection of an application user selectable link; andexecuting an application referenced by the application user selectablelink.
 18. The user device of claim 10, wherein the application accessmechanism attributes and the card attributes comprise at least one of:an application identifier, an application state action, an applicationcategory, an entity name, an entity location, or a type including web,image, video, and/or news.
 19. The user device of claim 10, wherein eachcorresponding application is stored on memory hardware in communicationwith the data processing hardware.
 20. A user device comprising: adisplay; data processing hardware in communication with the display; andmemory hardware in communication with the data processing hardware, thememory hardware storing instructions that when executed on the dataprocessing hardware cause the data processing hardware to performoperations comprising: receiving cards at data processing hardware, eachcard representing a collection of application access mechanisms, eachapplication access mechanism having reference to a correspondingapplication executable on the data processing hardware and indicating aperformable operation for the corresponding application, the collectionof application access mechanisms having one or more similar applicationaccess mechanism attributes; grouping, by the data processing hardware,the cards into one or more first-level stacks, each first-level stackcomprising one or more cards having one or more similar card attributes;displaying a graphical user interface on a display in communication withthe data processing hardware, the graphical user interface comprisingthe one or more first-level stacks; and receiving a user input throughthe graphical user interface: when the user input commands a first-levelungrouping operation for the one or more first-level stacks: ungrouping,by the data processing hardware, the first-level stacks into the one ormore cards associated with the selected first-level stack; anddisplaying, on the graphical user interface, the one or more cardsassociated with the selected first-level stack; and when the user inputcommands a second-level grouping operation for the one or morefirst-level stacks: grouping, by the data processing hardware, thefirst-level stacks into one or more second-level stacks, eachsecond-level stack comprising one or more first-level stacks having oneor more similar first-level stack attributes; and displaying, on thegraphical user interface, the one or more second-level stacks.